The lobby group is in US Part of the mechanism of political action, and the process requires understanding the American political system, and referring to the Constitution to learn about its working mechanism and its effective institutions in governance, and the type and size of the powers and authorities available, in accordance with the Constitution.
Pressure groups differ in their ability to influence public policy-making, based on the availability of capabilities that these groups possess, the size of the goals they seek to achieve, as well as the presence of objective and subjective factors that determine the effectiveness of the work of these groups.
And longer Congress The legislative authority is responsible for drawing up public policy, and the role of the legislative authority in making this policy is prominent and deepened, and is even considered essential.
The political history of American elections goes back to the founding of the United States in the late 18th century, and based on some British monarchy traditions, the founders of the United States created a system that gives the people the power and responsibility to choose their president, as Article Two of the First Section of the Constitution stipulates the establishment of the executive authority of the government.
According to this system, Congress set January 7, 1789 as the date for selecting the states for the electors who will participate in the first presidential elections in the country’s history.
After the 1876 elections, major political changes occurred, most notably the withdrawal of federal forces that had been in the southern states since the Civil War, which led to the end of the Reconstruction period and the beginning of Democratic control in the South and their imposition of discriminatory policies against African Americans.
And he won Franklin Roosevelt In the presidential elections in 1932, he won another presidential term in 1936. He then ran again for the presidency in 1940 and also won, and the United States entered his reign. World War II After she had declared her neutrality, he ran for president a fourth time in 1944 and won despite his health problems, but he died in 1945 before completing his term, and his deputy took over after him. Harry Truman.
In 1948, Truman won a second term against Republican Thomas Dewey, and he had relied on the policies of the New Deal and expanded them through what he called the “Fair Deal” despite strong opposition in Congress.
In 1960 he was elected John Kennedy As President, the federal government adopted a supportive positionhuman rights And the rights of African Americans. Despite Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, his vice president continued Lyndon Johnson In implementing reform programmes.
In 1964, Johnson won a second term against Republican Barry Goldwater, and civil rights and “community” programs formed an important part of the political debate. The 1970s saw a decline in support for government policies due to economic crises such as high inflation and the energy crisis.
The Democrat was defeated Jimmy Carter Republican President Gerald Ford won the 1976 presidential election, thus becoming the first politician from the Deep South to hold this office since Zachary Taylor in 1848.
During his term, Carter negotiated… Camp David Accords The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China, and negotiated the SALT II Treaty with the Soviet Union, a comprehensive agreement limiting the development of nuclear weapons.
While his plans to give up control of… Panama CanalAnd his response to the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan by withdrawing from the Olympic Games and ending the sale of wheat to the Russians.
But the detention of 52 American diplomats and citizens in Iran was the most important event in Carter’s last presidential year, and he said that this caused him a lot of personal anxiety and concern.
This crisis, which lasted for 14 months, in addition to the continuing high rate of inflation, caused his popularity to decline, and he lost the presidential seat for a second term in 1980, to the Republican and former actor. Ronald Reagan.
American elections (1980-2020)
Reagan won by a large margin over President Carter and independent candidate John Anderson, focusing his campaign on the economy and the hostage crisis in Iran As the most prominent issue, he was re-elected again in 1984, winning all states except Minnesota.
He won George Bush Sr over Michael Dukakis in 1988 in elections that witnessed relative economic stability, but he was defeated by Bill Clinton In 1992, as Bush’s support declined as a result of economic challenges, Clinton won a second term over Robert Dole in 1996 amid a decline in traditional southern support for the Democratic Party.
In 2000, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in an election that witnessed legal controversy over the recount of votes in Florida. John Kerry He served his second term in 2004, despite reports of voting irregularities.
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In 2008, it became Barack Obama The first African American president, defeating… John McCainObama was re-elected in 2012 after defeating… Matt Romney In expensive elections.
And in 2016 he won Donald Trump on Hillary Clinton Despite losing the popular vote. As for 2020, he was defeated by… joe biden In historic elections that witnessed a high turnout rate, it became Kamala Harris The first woman of African descent to hold the position of Vice President.
