Agustín de Iturbide triumphantly entered Mexico City in 1821, and a year later, in July 1822, he was crowned emperor. Ambition took over him completely. Iturbide resigned the throne in March 1823 and left the country. He eventually returned to Mexico and was apprehended and shot.
A very significant and revealing event in Mexican history was the assassination of the person who consummated independence: Agustín de Iturbide. To begin with, the ruling party –of the PRI, of the PAN, of Morena– does not even consider him a hero, but a villain. To give us an idea of how terrible and absurd is behind this, can you imagine the Americans killing their independence heroes? Washington, Franklin, Adams, Hamilton, Jefferson… shot? But we do, because our country was, is and will continue to be chaotic.
The royalists dismantled the independence movement relatively quickly and easily, and despite the tremendous upheaval in Spain. The petate flare-up that was Hidalgo’s uprising in September 1810 ended soon, and the priest was executed in 1811. Morelos then took the lead, but could do little. It must be remembered that Hidalgo’s cry claimed fidelity to the Spanish king, since Napoleon Bonaparte had crowned his brother José as king of Spain in 1808. But Ferdinand VII regained the throne in December 1814, so there was no longer any pretext to oppose him. royalist forces. That’s how many people understood it, and that’s why the insurgent movements weakened. Morelos was apprehended and executed in 1815. Some pockets of insurrection remained in the south, led by caudillos such as Vicente Guerrero, Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and the Spaniard Francisco Xavier Mina, who joined the cause. For many, the adventure of independence was over. There was no way that the insurgent forces could prevail against the royalist armies. But something happened; and that something is called Agustín de Iturbide.
The Creole Iturbide was a very high-ranking soldier who had sworn allegiance to Spain, the king and the viceroy, and his mission was to capture and bring Vicente Guerrero to justice. At some point Iturbide realized his position: he was the strong man of New Spain, he had the royalist forces under his command, and perhaps he began to fantasize about becoming the lord and master of these lands. Guerrero and Iturbide met in February 1821 and sealed an alliance with the famous Acatempan hug. They proclaimed the Plan of Iguala, in which the independence of New Spain was declared. Of course, this did not please Viceroy Apodaca, who had Iturbide arrested for treason, but the damage had already been done: a Trigarante Army was erected made up of insurgents and royalist troops loyal to Iturbide.
Apodaca was replaced by Juan de O’Donojú, who arrived in Veracruz shortly after. Bold and agile, Iturbide went ahead and seized the new Spanish emissary; it can be said that he captured it to isolate it, although O’Donojú was not aware of it. Iturbide was a seducer, and he seduced him. He made him see –I would say, believe– that independence was a fait accompli and that Spain could no longer do anything. Who knows how much he may have told him, but O’Donojú fell for the bait and signed the Treaties of Córdoba in August 1821. A month later, on September 27, Iturbide triumphantly entered Mexico City, and a year later In July 1822, he was crowned emperor. Ambition took over him completely. And seeing that he ruled as a tyrant, various sectors began to forge his downfall. Antonio López de Santa Anna issued the Casa Mata Plan in February 1823, ignoring Iturbide and proclaiming the republic. And who do you think joined this plan? Neither more nor less than Vicente Guerrero, the old ally. So did Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria. All of them had the ambition to lead the presidency of the upcoming republic and were willing to do whatever it took to achieve it.
Iturbide resigned the throne in March 1823 and left the country. Congress issued a decree in which he was considered a traitor to the country and a public enemy, so that if he ever set foot on national territory he should be captured and shot. I don’t know if Iturbide knew about this decree, but I am sure that his concerns and intrigues to recover his power did not cease. The fact is that Iturbide returned to Mexico, he was apprehended and shot. The true father of the independent country was finally annihilated.
Our history is an uninterrupted series of traumas. The founding fathers of the Mexican nation were Malinche and Hernán Cortés, today so vilified: they embody miscegenation, the heart of Mexicanness. Hating them is hating oneself. And on the other hand, the father of the now independent country was a Creole Spaniard, Iturbide, who appears in official history as a malefactor. To deny him is also to deny what Mexico is. And we could continue with the historical traumas, but it will be another time.
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